The Disorders Of Homeostasis Health And Social Care Essay

The Disorders Of Homeostasis Health And Social Care Essay This assignment will discuss the changes of normal  social,  physical, biochemical and physiological  functions of a disease process of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is a term used for a number of conditions; including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD leads to damaged airways in the lungs, causing them to become narrower and making it harder for air to get in and out of the lungs. The word chronic means that the problem is long-term. COPD is a condition which mainly affects people over the age of 40, and COPD has a higher prevalence occurring among women than men (NHS-Choices, 2008). COPD is also a condition that is long term and incurable that can have a serious affects on health and quality of life, its not fully understood why COPD develops. (Marieb, 2003). The student will also incorporate local and national health and social policies, including frameworks that are in place in relation to the patients illness. The student identified a patient named Mrs J. She was admitted to hospital due to exacerbation of COPD. Her primary diagnosis is Osteoarthritis of the Hip but also had symptoms of emphysema. Mrs J is a 55 year old woman and is married, Mrs J also has an older child of 34 whom she has become quite dependant on and felt like she had impacted on her childs life and had become a hindrances. Mrs J has become more breathless as her condition develops over time and more so while she was lying in bed unable to carry out her daily activities such as doing the housework, leisure activities, also looking after her appearance as she normally would have done at home . COPD is becoming one of the fastest leading causes of disability (NHS choices, 2008). According to British Lung Foundation, (2010) a recent survey, 83% of COPD patients said their COPD slows them down, 79% said they had to cut down their activities and 56% said their condition has a great affect on their families. COPD is the most common respiratory conditions in adults in the developed world and poses an enormous burden to society both in terms of direct cost to the healthcare services and indirect costs to society through loss of productivity. Recent analysis estimated that National Health Service (NHS) spends  £818 million annually in the United Kingdom (UK). (British Thoracic Society, 2006). However 50% of the cost is accounted for by poorly managed exacerbations resulting in frequent re-admissions to hospital (Coakley Ruston, 2001). COPD is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lungs that causes the respiratory passages to be swollen and irritated, increases the mucus production and damaging the lungs. (Marieb, 2003). COPD develops when irritants are breathed into the airway and down the bronchial tubes. Normally, oxygen is passed through the bronchioles into the alveoli, tiny hollow sack-like structures in the lungs where oxygen is absorbed in to the bloodstream. When air is mixed with smoke or irritants, it will damage the lungs and the ability to take enough oxygen in (NHS-Choices, 2008). Mrs J condition would of been triggered by her heavy smoking, the toxins from her cigarettes has made her bronchioles (airway and lungs) become inflamed and narrowing the airway, this will lead to irreversible damage to the respiratory system by obstructing the bronchial airflow and hindering gaseous exchange within the alveoli (Munden, J, 2007). Mrs J suffers from many symptoms due to her smoking these include shortness of breath, a persistent cough, yellowish green sputum, signs of cyanosis to her lips, also Mrs J has continued to smoke as she thinks the damage has already been done so her condition. The vast majority of COPD patients are smokers. By stopping smoking patients can slow the rate of decline in lung function and thus improve the patients prospects in terms of symptoms and survival. The NICE guidance recommends that short-acting bronchodilators should be used for the initial treatment for breathlessness and exercise limitation and goes on to say that, if this isnt having an effect then the treatment should be intensified using either a long-acting bronchodilator or a combined therapy with a short acting beta2-agonist and a short-acting anticholinergic. The respiratory system is the major part for gases exchange to take place, it allows takes the air that enters are bodies when we inhale and travels through the respiratory system, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide and expels carbon dioxide when we exhale (munden, J, 2007). Mrs J has been smoking now for 45 years and on an average day having up to 40 cigarettes a day and is not prepared to quit as she feels the damage is already done. Mrs J smokes for comfort and feels that its all for her pleasure, she has become very isolated, her chronic bronchitis makes her breathless when doing actives and is not able to do her daily activities therefore is becoming depressed. Do this having a huge impact on her mental and social parts of her life. Patients like Mrs J with airflow limitation clinically they have become known as pink puffers and blue bloaters (Kleinschmidt, 2008). Patients with COPD have traditionally been divided into  pink puffers  and  blue bloaters  based on their physiological response to abnormal blood gases.  The former work hard to maintain a normal pO2  which is why they puff away. They tend to have a barrel-shaped, hyper inflated chest and breathe through pursed lips. The latter are blue because of hypoxia and polycythaemia. They are often obese and have water retention. This is why they are bloated. The  blue bloaters  are dependent upon hypoxia for their respiratory drive and to give oxygen and deprive them of this will lead to significant  hypercapnia  and acid base imbalance. (MedicineNet, 1996 2010) Mrs J falls under the term blue bloaters as she linked to chronic bronchitis due to cyanosis which causes a blue tinge to the lips, which occurs from poor gas exchange. Airway Smooth Muscle in Asthma and COPD: Biology and Pharmacology  by Prof. Kian Fan Chung pink puffers has been linked to emphysema as the patients may be showing signs of weight loss, using their accessory muscles with pursed lips giving them a reddish complexion, they may also adopt the tripod sitting position (Kleinschmidt, 2008). Although these conditions separate the patient may present with slight variations of them both, however they do differentiate through their underlying process, signs and symptoms (Bellamy Booker, 2004). The respiratory system can be separated into a conducting and a respiratory portion. The conducting portion consists of the air-transmitting passages of the nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. This part of the respiratory system serves to filter, warm and humidify air on its way to the lungs. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Gerard J. Tortora, and Bryan H. Specialized portions of the conducting system also serve other functions, e.g., the nose in the sense of smell, the pharynx in alimentation, and the larynx in phonation. The actual exchange of gases occurs in the respiratory portion which consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs and alveoli. Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Gerard J. Tortora, and Bryan H. Derrickson   There are two separate arterial systems in the lungs, the pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood, follow the respiratory passages and end in capillaries in alveolar walls, and the bronchial arteries which carry oxygenated blood. (Ross and Wilson,2009). The lungs are richly supplied with lymphatic vessels, which are organized into two sets a deep set that accompanies the pulmonary vessels and airways and a superficial set that lies beneath the visceral and parietal pleura. Little or no anatomises occurs between the two plexus except in the region of the hilum. (SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 2008) The lung is the organ for gas exchange; it transfers oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air. To accomplish gas exchange the lung has two components, airways and alveoli. The airways are branching, tubular passages like the branches of a tree that allow air to move in and out of the lungs. The wider segments of the airways are the trachea and the two bronchi. The smaller segments are called bronchioles. At the ends of the bronchioles are the alveoli, thin-walled sacs. Small blood vessels (capillaries) run in the walls of the alveoli, and it is across the thin walls of the alveoli where gas exchange between air and blood takes place. 1996-2010 MedicineNet, http://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/article.htm Airways and air sacs within the lungs are elasticised, with the air we breathe the lungs will change shape with inhalation they expand and return to the normal shape after they have been stretched with full of air. With in the Lining the of the nasal cavity is a mucous membrane full of blood vessels, with the many blood vessels this enable the nose to warm and humidify the incoming air quickly. Cells in the mucous membrane produce mucus and have tiny hair like projections (cilia). Usually, the mucus traps incoming dirt particles, which are then moved by the cilia toward the front of the nose or down the throat to be removed from the airway. This action helps clean the air before it goes to the lungs. Ciliated Columnar Epithelium which contains goblet cells and cilia, the goblet cells are responsible for secreting mucus which is able to trap the finer particles from inspired air and the cilia which are fine hairs to trap particles from going into the respiratory track. The cilia carrys the particles by a sweeping the mouth or nose where it can then be swallowed, coughed or sneezed out of the body (Munden, 2007). The two major sources of mucus secretion in the respiratory tract are the surface epithelial goblet cells and mucous cells. In lungs, goblet cells are present in the large bronchi, becoming increasingly thin toward the bronchioles. The sub mucosal glands are in the airways with the thickness decreasing with airway quality. With COPD, sub mucosal glands increase in size (hypertrophy), and the number of goblet cells will increased (hyperplasia) (Rogers, Jackson, 2001). The increased of goblet cells to ciliated cells will cause thickness in the bronchioles, this then impairs clearance of mucus. Patients affected by COPD also show the presence of edema, which can further reduce airway size and compromise the lung function. (Postma and Kerstjens, 1998). In clinical studies, these inflammatory parameters have been shown to correlate with a reduction lung function and an exaggerated bronchoconstriction (Postma and Kerstjens, 1998). The goblet cells are replaced within the small airways (bronchi) with Clara cells they are another form of secreting cell that are form ciliated cells and to help renew the bronchiolar epithelium, they produce hypophase component and a protease inhibitor these help protect the lungs by clearing foreign bodys from the airway (Stokley et al, 2006) Gasses exchange in the lung takes places in the airway with in the alveoli, The largest airway is the windpipe (trachea), this then branches into two smaller airways; the left and right bronchi, At the end of each bronchiole are thousands of small air sacs (alveoli) the walls are a thick network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. The thin barrier between air and capillaries allows oxygen to move from the alveoli to the blood and allows carbon dioxide to move from the blood to the capillaries into the alveoli (Matterporth Matfin, 2009). Mr J has a poor respiratory drive due to having poor ventilation on the lungs. Hypoxemia and hypercapnia can take place due to the poor ventilation, hypoxia in Patients with COPD like Mrs J have raised CO2  levels and  depend  on a deficiency of oxygen (hypoxia) to encourage respiration. They will develop increased CO2  retention,  respiratory acidosis  and subsequently will require mechanical ventilation (oxygen). It also causes the kidneys to produce erthpoietin which stimulates excessive red blood cell production as Mrs J has poor ventilation intake the blood cells are not fully oxygenated there for cyanosis can occurs (Munden, J, 2007).This has lead to hypercapnia due to raised carbon dioxide levels resulting from suppression of hypoxic ventilation drive. However, this understanding does not account for the many factors that contribute to the control of breathing in patients, and has resulted in oxygen being withheld inappropriately from some patients with acute respi ratory failure.   (Brooker Nicol, 2004). Mrs J has lent to live in hypoxic drive as she has made adjustments in her life and has lived like this for 4 years now and has become normal to her. Mrs J has sensitivity to falling oxygen levels rather than raised carbon dioxide (Brooker Nicol, 2004). A higher level of oxygen within Mrs Js system reduces the stimulus to breath therefore inducing carbon dioxide maintenance (Walsh Crumbie, 2007). Emphysema occurs when the air sacs at the ends of your bronchioles gradually gets destroyed, smoking is the leading cause of emphysema. Resulting in the air sacs (alveoli), in the lungs becoming over stretched making their thin walls tear, there for losing the lung tissue and elasticity. The lungs cannot expand or contract fully, and so become less efficient when breathing. (McCance Huether, 2006)   As the condition worsens, emphysema turns the air sacs which are like a bunch of grapes to become enlarged, irregular pockets with gaping holes in their inner walls; this reduces the number of air sacs and keeps some oxygen entering the lungs from reaching the bloodstream (Munden, J, 2007). This makes you try and breathe harder as insufficient oxygen is not getting into our airways. Our bodies compensates by lowering cardiac output and we then begin to hyperventilate, which then results in limited blood flow through fairly well oxygenated lungs this is in contrast to chronic bronchitis (Brooker Nicol, 2004). Due to low cardiac output in Mrs Js body it will tend to suffer from tissue hypoxia leading to weight loss or muscle wasting (McClance Huether, 2006). Mrs Js chronic bronchitis is a Type 2 respiratory failure; this refers to hypercapnoea, which is a presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the blood steam, which can occur with or without hypoxia. This type of respiratory failure is caused by a decline the amount of gas inhaled and exhaled (Higgins,D., Guest,J, 2008). Respiratory failure occurs when alveolar ventilation is ineffective to expel carbon dioxide in the body. Poor ventilation is due to reduced ventilation effort, it affects the lung as a whole, there for carbon dioxide accumulates in the lungs this could deadly if it is not treated (Partridge, 2006). This process is seen in patients such as Mrs J with COPD and can be made more aggressive by an illness (Higgins,D., Guest,J, 2008). Mrs J views her quality of life as poor and hates getting up in the mornings, this is because Mrs J becoming breathless and not being able to fulfil her daily activities. COPD can leave patients feeling anxious and suffering from panic attacks (Christen Antoni, 2000). Mrs J feels frightened becoming breathless as she has had frequent admissions of exacerbation with long stays in hospital, exacerbations is a increased case of breathlessness and sputum experience and very distressing for patients and disruptive to their lives (Alaxander,Fawcett Runciman, 2006). Because of Mrs J being short of breath she feels very lonely and isolated, Mrs J has now got a low self esteem and self confidence this has been induced by her affects of the disease, any activities such as washing, dressing and shopping has become quite dependant on her family in these tasks and feels helpless and a burden to them. The psychological affects of living with COPD can be overwhelming the anxiety and panic levels are very high as Mrs J is living in constant fear and frustration each day of the affects of the illness. COPD patients tend to have a high prevalence rate of clinical depression (N, Haynes, 2000). Depression is very common in COPD patients, around 40% are affected by severe depressive symptoms or clinical depression (Henriksen,A, 2008). Since Mrs J has been diagnosed she has had to make some psychological adjustments, she has some challenges ahead of her such as maintaining her ADLs i.e. self image and personal hygiene. Mrs J feels weak and drained on any activities she does due to breathlessness, most of the time she has to rely on her husband and family to meet these needs and has become dependant upon them; this can lead to activation of negative self image which has lasting changes to the patient (Christen Antoni, 2000). Mrs J feels that dealing with her chronic illness she has had to challenge her own self worth, her own sense of vulnerability and to think of what the future has in hold for her (N, Haynes, 2000). COPD may also adversely affect Mrs J self image which is negatively stigmatised her self inflicted this illness on her self due to smoking (Gore et al, 2000). Stigma has had a huge impact on Mrs Js low self esteem as she has smoked most of her life and has caused her condition to progress, so she only has herself to blame. Having low self esteem can be very difficult for some patients to handle as is plays a role in their lives (Christen Antoni, 2000). The more inactive Mrs J will becomes it will decrease her self esteem and can have an impact on her well being (Haynes, 2000). Mrs J also thinks that she has become depressed due to her condition which has had a huge impact on her quality of life with has lead to isolation and dependant on family and friends (Barnett, 2008). COPD patients are being stigmatized in todays society, this disabling condition has been linked to poor lifestyle changes and people that have smoked (Bartolame, Berger, 2009). Patients with COPD feel stigmatised due to medical profession as they have been labelled under pink puffers and blue bloaters this can have a negative impact on their image (Johnson et al, 2007). Mrs J feels that the main reason that she has become isolated is that she is embarrassed by her visible side affect due to poor mobility and breathlessness. COPD research has mainly focused on the medical side rather than the social impact of the disease. This neglect is seen as patients are not prepared for wider social attitudes of smoking related to their illness and has been looked at as self infliction and avoidable conditions creating stigma which is attached to the disease (Johnson et al, 2007). The National Clinical Strategy for COPD is currently being developed by the Department of Health. This was previously known as the National Service Framework (NSF). Following the Darzi report which stated that high quality for all this was based upon ways to reshape and improve the NHS. The National Clinical Strategy will address the lack of awareness of COPD and also focus on the undiagnosed or inaccurately and also making clear pathways for those diagnosed. (NICE, 2004). NICE guidelines on COPD Cover a full range of care that should be available from the NHS to adults like Mrs J who has this illness and to have the appropriate support and treatments this includes smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation and management of exacerbations and to have easy access to these services (NICE, 2008). COPD has had a huge negative impact on Mrs Js life she has had to overcome challenges due to her COPD such as her basic day to day activities, by making some adjustments to meet these tasks. With Mrs J disabling disease this has lead to loss of function, low self confidence and has become socially isolated in her own home due to her clinical depression (Brooker, 2005). Alexander, M. F., Fawcett, J., Runciman, P. J., (Eds.). (2006). Nursing practice: The adult hospital and home. (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Barnett, M. (2008). Management of end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. British Journal of Nursing, 17(22),1390 1394. Barr, R. G. Bourbeau, J, Camargo C. A. Inhaled tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2) Bartolame, A., Berger, R. (2009). Blaming the patient. Retrieved 2nd February 2010 website: http://www.breathingbetterlivingwell.com/lofiversion/index.php/t6895.htm Bellamy, D., Booker, R. (Eds.). (2004). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: All you need to know to manage COPD in your practice. (3rd ed.). London: Class publishing. Bellamy, D., Brooker, R. (2004). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Journal of Community Nursing, 23(4), 24-25. British Lung Foundation. (2007). The affect of the disease of COPD. Retrieved 14th January 2010 website: http://www.lung.uk.org/you-and-your-lungs/conditions-and-diseases/copd.htm British Lung Foundation. (2010). The National Strategy for COPD. Retrieved 7th February 2010 website: http://www.lunguk.org/media-and-campaigning/campaigns/what-is-the-national-strategy-for-copd British Thoracic Society. (2006).The burden of lung disease and statistics report. Journal of Community Nursing, 22(7) 25-26. Britton, M. The burden of COPD in the U.K.: results from the Confronting COPD survey.;  Respir Med.2003 Brooker, C., Nicol, M. (Eds.). (2004). Nursing adults: The practice of caring. (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier. Brooker, R. (2005). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and NICE guidelines. Nursing Standards. 19(22), 43-52. Christen, A., Antoni, M. (Ed.). (2000). chronic physical disorders: Behavioural medicines perspective. Oxford: Blackwell publishing Ltd. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NICE Clinical Guideline (2004);  Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NICE Clinical Guideline (2004);  Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care Coakley, A. L., Ruston, A. (2001). Pulmonary disease and smoking: A case for health promotion. British Journal of Nursing. 10 (1), 20-24. COPD. BMJ Clinical Evidence.  www.clinicalevidence.com, accessed 10 June 2009 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; September 2005. Gore, J. M., Brophy, C. J., Greenstone, M. A. (2000). How well do we care for patients with end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A comparison of palliative care and quality of life in COPD and lung cancer. British Medical Journal: Thorax. 55,1000-1006. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. (2000) W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia; London. Haynes, N. (Ed.). (2000). Foundations of psychology, (3rd ed.). London: Thomson Learning. Henriksen, A. (2008). Statistics on clinical depression. Retrieved 2nd February 2010 website: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/586751 Higgins, D., Guest, J. (2008). Acute respiratory failure: Assessing patients. Retrieved 1st February 2010 website: http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/acute-respiratory-failure-assessing-patients/1833932-article Johnson, J. L., Campbell, A. C., Bowers, M., Nichol, A. M. (2007). Understanding the social consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects of stigma and gender. The American Thoracic Society, 4:680-682. doi: 10.1513/pats.200706-0845d. Kleinschmidt, P. (2008). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. Retrieved from Emedicine website: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/807143-overview Lacasse, Y. Goldstein, R. Lasserson, T. J. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database, 2006 Oct 18;(4) Marieb, N. E. (Ed). (2003). Essentials of Human Anatomy Physiology. (7th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. Masters, N., Tutt, C. (2007). Smoking pack years calculator. Retrieved on 14th January 2010 from website: http://www.smokingpackyears.com/ Matterporth, C., Matfin, G. (2009). Pathophysiology concepts of altered heath states. (8th ed.). Lippincott, Willams Wilkins: Raven Publishers. McClance, L. K., Huether, E. S. (Eds.). (2006). Pathophysiology the biologic Munden, J. (Ed.). (2007). Professional guide to pathophysiology. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Willams Wilkins. NICE  (2007)  Acutely Ill Patients in Hospital. Recognition of and Response to Acute Illness in Adults in Hospital. Textbook of Medical Physiology (10th edition) SUNY Downstate Medical Center, . (2008, March 05). The Respiratory system. Retrieved from http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/histomanual/respiratory.html MedicineNet, . (1996 2010). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) . Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/page4.htm#symp

Financial Engineering

Financial Engineering Introduction Many innovations are taking place in the place of arena of finance. Such innovations are collectively called financial innovation. Financial innovation is a process to adapt existing financial instruments and processes and to develop new one so as to enable financial market participants to cope more effectively with the changing world. In recent years fast developments are taking place in corporate and banking sectors. This has given birth to a new discipline which has come to called financial engineering.The term financial engineering was introduced by London banks. Financial engineering is the life blood of financial innovation. Financial Engineering Financial engineering  is a multidisciplinary field involving financial theory, the methods of engineering, the tools of mathematics and the practice of programming. [1]  It has also been defined as the application of technical methods, especially from  mathematical finance  and  computation al finance, in the practice of  finance. In the United States, financial engineering programs are accredited by the  International Association of Financial Engineers.Financial engineering draws on tools from  applied mathematics,  computer science,  statistics  and  economic theory. In broadest definition, anyone who uses technical tools in finance could be called a financial engineer, for example any  computer programmer  in a  bank  or any  statistician  in a government economic bureau. However, most practitioners restrict the term to someone educated in the full range of tools of modern finance and whose work is informed by financial theory. It is sometimes restricted even further, to cover only those originating new financial products and strategies.Financial Engineering refers to the bundling and unbundling of securities. This is done in order to maximize profits using different combinations of equity, futures, options, fixed income, and swaps. They ap ply theoretical finance and computer modeling skills to make pricing, hedging, trading and portfolio management decisions. Financial Engineers are prepared for careers in: * Investment Banking * Corporate Strategic Planning * Risk Management * Primary and Derivatives Securities Valuation * Financial Information Systems Management Portfolio Management * Security Trading Tools of financial engineering * Conceptual Tools It includes ideas and concepts on which finance as a subject is based. These includes valuation theory, portfolio theory, hedging theory, tax treatment etc. * Physical tools It includes the instruments and processes which can be combined together to accomplish some specific purposes. Factors contributing to the growth of Financial Engineering * Environmental Factors (External Factors) A) Change in price level B) Globalization of marketsC) Technological advancement D) Differential tax rates * Internal Factors A) Liquidity needs B) Risk aversion C) Agency Costs D) Accoun ting benefits Financial Reengineering Financial reengineering is the concept of 21st century. Really speaking, it is an evolving concept. It is an extension of financial engineering. Newer and newer developments are taking place now in finance and related fields. Hence the existing instruments and processes must reengineer to suit the changing environment. This gives birth to financial reengineering.

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Current Essay Topics 2015

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Current Essay Topics 2015 How to Find Current Essay Topics 2015 Online This type of process essay is easily split into a set of helpful directions. As an example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing perspective. Artistic interest and talent shouldn't go out of trend, however young or old a man or woman might be. Correct selection of topic and the acceptable process of writing are important. To begin, check you comprehend the next vocabulary. This process enables you to practice both the abilities and learn about these significant topics. Make sure you have sufficient time for revision. Besides regular essay instructions, a sample response is supplied for review. Even though the essay questions change, the topic of the essays often stays the same. Different essay types need various questions. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go straight to the list of persuasive essay topi cs, don't do it. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't difficult to discover. By doing this you're able to easily finish the descriptive paper. Categories, essay topics might be divided into. Researching the topic will enable you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Current Essay Topics 2015 for Dummies Droz If the money doesn't serve you, it is going to rule over you. Traveling overseas is among the most well-known topics since everybody is interested in finding new methods to minimize money exchange expenses and go far for less money. Many people think that cooking is an important life skill and ought to be taught to boys and girls in schools. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. If you've already started your own Etsy business and you've been successful enough to guide others, then it's probably wise to talk about your expertise and experience. Pros and disadvantages of a cashless economy. The Current Essay Topics 2015 Game Research indicates people who weigh too much are more vulnerable to kidney stonesespecially men. In the majority of universities students concentrate on specialised subjects. Some people today think that students ought to be allowed to appraise and criticise their teachers to enhance the caliber of education. Some students find it challenging to write about themselves, but others find it a lot easier to examine their private life, in place of research ing an assigned topic. Some practical skills like money management needs to be taught at high school. Television is developing a new variant of culture The senior classes ought to be profiled Education for boys and girls ought to be separate Many individuals think the ideal way to travel is by car Activity is the sole method to knowledge The value of education is underestimated now. From time to time, technology can be hard to comprehend. Advertising and the media are now nearly inseparable from society for a whole. The Bad Secret of Current Essay Topics 2015 Possessing relevant vocabulary for each topic will provide you a huge advantage. To write a terrific argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, allowing them to make an educated stance. Do not seem through the topics before you opt for. Usually, relevant topics are the ones which have made headlines the past calendar year. When you are requested to opt for a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. The main issue is that theme ought to have no less than two valid viewpoint. You'll have to back up your viewpoint with well-researched facts and data too. Select an individual scenario and go with this.

Choosing a Coursebook and Teaching Materials for ESL

Finding the right coursebook is one of the most important tasks a teacher needs to undertake. This quick guide will help you in your decision-making process and point you to some of the resources on this site that can help you find the right coursebooks and supplementary materials for your course. Tips Evaluate the makeup of your class. Important considerations include the age, final course (are the students going to take a test?), objectives, and whether the class is made up of students learning for work purposes or for a hobby.If you are teaching a standard test course (TOEFL, First Certificate, IELTS, etc.) you will need to choose a coursebook that specifically for these tests. In this case, make sure to choose the coursebook based on the age of the class. Dont choose a book that prepares for another test as these tests are very different in construction and objectives.If you are not teaching a standard test course, are you going to teach a standard syllabus or do you want to focus on a specific area such as conversation or making presentations?Standard syllabuses require books that will cover grammar, reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills.If you are teaching a non-standard syllabus class, maybe focusing on one skill set, youll need to get some resource books for your classroom work.If you would like to take a different, non-grammar based, approach then take a look at either the lexical approach (focusing on building language skills from vocabulary and linguistic forms) or the Brain friendly approach (focusing on bringing a wide variety of learning types into play).If you are going to teach a Business English or ESP (English for Specific Purposes) course you will need to not only find a standard special English book but also use the Internet as a means of finding specific information and content related to the industry.You may also want to consider using the software as a means of extending the possibilities in the classroom.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations - 1942 Words

Destructive revenge is never justified. Unfortunately for Miss Havisham, this realization does not occur until near the end of Charles Dickens novel, Great Expectations. Although Miss Havisham s desire for revenge is understandable and natural, it conflicts with her moral maternal obligations in raising her adopted child, and now almost two centuries later, through psychoanalytical analysis, her narcissistic history may be seen as forewarning of the generations to come. Great Expectations is a classic, about Pip, an orphan boy, and his extraordinary journey through life. He encounters an eccentric, older woman (Miss Havisham) whom wishes to make him a gentleman. Little does Pip know, he is just a pawn in her and her adopted daughter’s, Estella’s, game. Pip’s love for Estella leads him to try and make a gentleman of himself, someone worthy of Estella’s affection, even though she treats him coldly. Along his journey, he meets an ex-convict, Magwitch, who also leads Pip to believe his (Magwitch’s) actions are for the better of Pip. With twist upon twist, and various coincidental â€Å"small world† experiences and revelations, Great Expectations has one surprised every other chapter. This novel touches upon money, class, revenge, and love. These two self-serving adults turn Pip’s world upside down in attempts to manipulate the events in his life. Pip is led to expect a lot out of life, only for almost not hing to go as planned. Pip s first impression of Miss Havisham was that sheShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Your Favourite Hobby Free Essays

YOUR FAVOURITE HOBBY Introduction: Hobby means any form of amusement or pleasant occupation. It is also a pleasant pastime, which breaks the monotony of routine life. It refreshes one’s mined as well as body after toile. We will write a custom essay sample on Your Favourite Hobby or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hobby is not one’s main profession but it is not less important than one’s main business. Man runs his main business out of sheer necessity but man pursues hobby for sheer delight. In our practical life, every man has a hobby and every man should have a hobby in his life. Choice of hobbies: Different people have different choice of hobbies. Example of some popular hobbies are such as, gardening, reading, fishing, hunting, painting, singing, sewing, doll making, flowering making, sculpture making, coin collecting, angling and so many. Hobbies of great men: If we study the history of great men of the world, we will find that almost every had a hobby. Depending upon that hobby everyman enjoys pleasure and refreshness. Many great men of the world had their hobbies. They took the hobbies as the ways of removing the monotony of their lives. Alexander, Washington, Napoleon, Tolstoy, Rabindranath, Bernard Shaw- all had their hobbies. My hobby – gardening: I am a student. Though my main function is to study, I have a hobby. My favourite hobby is gardening. There is a small piece of land in front of my reading room. I am very lucky to have a plot of land for my garden. I have decided to make a garden there. So I clean it and fence around it. I have to work hard for my garden. At first, I make the soil loose with the help of a spade. When the soil is ready, I plant various types of flower plants and sow seeds there. When many seasonal flowers bloom in my garden, fragrance fills the air and comes into our house. The pleasant hue of the flowers dazzles my eyes. It reminds me the lines: – â€Å"Mind is your garden, Ideas are your seeds Life is the season To sow all your needs. † My activities in the garden: I work in my garden in the morning and in the evening. I make the soil loose with spade and weed out the grass. I plant new flower plants in it. I water the plants and take good care of them. I am happy to do all these with my own hands. The reason foe selecting: Among all other hobbies, I have chosen gardening as my hobby because it gives me more pleasure than any other things. I need physical exercise because of making my body active and strong. If I work in the garden, I do not need extra physical exercise. Considering above-mentioned argument, I have selected gardening as my favourite hobby. Usefulness: I have got much benefit from my garden. Before making my garden, I was sick and weak. But now, my health has been improved as I work in my garden. As a result, I posses a sound health. I give flowers to my neighbours to decorate their houses and gates on some special occasions. Then I become very glad and happy. Besides, I grow vegetables in my garden, which saves a lot of family expenses. Conclusion: My hobby is a source of joy and pleasure, health and wealth to me. It makes my life enjoyable. Really, I am very happy and delighted choosing a hobby like gardening. So I think everybody should have a hobby to make his life happy and merry. But we should guard ourselves against those hobbies, which have no practical utility in life. This is why I keep a harmony between my hobby and duty so that my hobby would be meaningful in my practical life. THE END How to cite Your Favourite Hobby, Papers

Marketing Communication Plans Free-Samples -Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Briefly describe the Industry Market for your Organisation2.Outline and examine the Major Market segments for your Organisation and identify your primary and secondary target Markets.3.Describe the nature of competition in your industry. Explain and analyse your organisations place in the market by Comparing and Contrasting its Strengths and Weaknesses to your main Competitor.4.Taking into Consideration the Primary Segment, their level of Involvement and the Competition, create a positioning map for the Market place. Answers: Introduction Marketing is the process in which various tools and techniques are employed by an organization to create awareness of its products and services among people in the market. Nowadays, marketing is essential for businesses because it directly supports in enhancing the volume of sales and profitability(Hannah, Parent, Pitt, Berthon, 2014). However, it can be critically argued that management of marketing practices is not an easy task for companies as they are required to invest vast ranges of efforts and resources. The current research is based on Apple Inc. which is an American based multinational technology company. The organization was established in 1976 and at present, it is considered as the leading brand in the world. This study explores industry market of Apple Inc. in Australia. Furthermore, the primary and secondary market segment of the brand is also highlighted in the present research. 1.Industry analysis and market trends In a market such as Australia, the company is operating with the name of Apple Pty and is headquartered in Sydney(IBIS World, 2016). The main products and services offered by the organization in Australia include softwares, mobile phones, consumer electronics, personal computers, and portable media devices. The brand has also established its retail stores in areas such as Western Australia, New South Wales, Canberra, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, etc. The industry in which Apple Inc. is operating is consumer electronic industry. It can be expressed that at present, the consumer electronic market of Australia is at declining stage. In addition to this, it has become very challenging for the organizations to maintain the interest of people within the industry(Kane, Palmer, Phillips, Kiron, Buckley, 2015). The demand for products and services offered by leading brands is declining, and these companies are facing issues regarding increasing their volume of sales and profitability in Australia(EuroMonitor International, 2016). In the consumer electronics industry of Australia, Apple Inc. is facing intense competition from the brands such as Samsung Electronics Australia Pty Ltd, Lenovo Pty Ltd, and Hewlett-Packard Australia Pty Ltd, etc. The Australian consumer electronic industry has reached stages such as maturity and saturation. It means that the competition among existing market players in the sector is highly intense. Further, it is now required by brands such as Apple, Samsung, and Lenovo to reduce the price of their products and services to attract more customers(Strauss, 2016). The industry is also getting affected by the Free Trade Agreement between China and Australia. It can be stated that the agreement has resulted in the price war as many Chinese products offering same features at low prices have entered the market. On the contrary, the internet retailing has continued to grow despite the fact that the overall growth rate of the industry is declining. To sustain in the marketplace, it is required by Apple Inc. to develop products and services which are highly innovative. The rationale behind this is that innovation will support the brand in carrying out differentiation. In addition to this, innovative products will also result in providing the competitive advantage to the selected business enterprise(Babin Zikmund, 2015). However, it can be critically argued that even on the stage of the intense competition, some companies have witnessed positive growth in the consumer electronic market of Australia. For example, brand such as Apple and Cannon has acquired adequate growth rate in the year 2016. On the other side of this, the tablet market in the country has experienced the decline in the demand and thus, sales and revenues of many companies have been affected by the same. The net sales of Apple Inc. have declined, but the brand can achieve adequate growth by selling ample volume of its expensive Smartphone(West, Ford, Ibrahim, 2015). The sales of brands such as Philips was almost constant in the industry and at the same time companies such as Sony corporation has managed to achieve 5% increase in its sales volume. Pestle analyses It can be expressed that the operations and business practices of companies in consumer electronic market are directly affected by macro environment factors existing in the country. At the time of carrying out its activities, a business such as Apple Inc. is influenced by political factors such as changing government policies and tax rates(Scott, 2015). At present, the political environment of Australia is stable and therefore, businesses can carry out a smooth flow of all their operations. Further, political agreements such as Free Trade Agreement between China and Australia have also positively affected the operations of Apple. In the first quarter of 2017, the economy has expanded by 0.3%, and in the year 2016, the economy has grown by 2.5% which is quite good(FocusEconomics, 2017). It can be expressed that adequate economic growth has somehow helped businesses in the consumer electronics industry to maintain their sales and profitability. However, social factors have adversely affected the demand for products and services offered by the companies. Nowadays, consumers in the industry are not much interested in buying the existing products offered by companies in Australia, and they want something new and innovative. The result of this is that many businesses are not able to attain the expected growth rate and at the same time the demand also declined. Macro environmental factors such as technology have positively affected the entire industry. The adaption of new and upgraded technology has helped businesses in the industry to serve customers with more innovative and satisfactory products(Blakeman, 2014). On the other hand, the organization's practices and policies are also affected by factors such as legal. It is required by companies to follow all the rules and regulations developed by Australia strictly. Furthermore, businesses are also restricted to make use of unfair practices and carry out war price within the industry. At the time of conducting operations in the industry, it is also required by organizations to ensure that activities do not adversely affect the environment. The government and other regulatory authorities are stringent and force businesses to adopt sustainable practices. The impact of this is that organization such as the Apple Inc. is required to carry out certain changes in its existing practices, and this has resulted in increasing the overall operational cost(Montgomerie Roscoe, 2013). 2.Major Market Segments (Stp) The market for businesses can be broadly classified into two broad categories which are business markets and consumers markets. Further, business markets consist of groups and persons who purchase products and services from companies with an objective to resale them or to produce other products(Chaston, 2015). On the other side of this, consumer markets consist of people and groups who purchase the goods, services for carrying out the ultimate consumption of the same. Market segmentation can be termed as the process of dividing the entire market into different subsets of the customer with similar demand, needs, and characteristics. Primary and secondary markets In the context of Apple Inc., it can be asserted that the brand has two different market segments which are primary and secondary. The major market segment includes individuals and parties which purchase the products and services for their end consumers. On the other hand, the secondary market segment of Apple Inc. includes retailers and persons who buy the goods and services from the company and resale the same to end users. The process of market segmentation is carried out by different segmentation variables(Parente Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, 2014). The key variable includes demographic, psychographic, behavioural and geographical variables. Here, Apple is using demographic variables for carrying out segmentation of its market in Australia. The company has divided its primary market by demographic variable which is income level. Further, it has targeted people who fall into the category of middle and higher income group. Individuals who seek for maintaining a luxurious lifestyle is m ainly aimed at the selected business enterprise. Working professionals and teenagers are also included in the target market for Apple, and the brand offers products such as I phone, Mac book, and tablets to these customers(Kumar, Townsend, Vorhies, 2015). The company has also carried out geographic segmentation of its market, and urban areas of the country are mainly targeted by Apple Inc. Regarding secondary target market, the brand focuses on targeting retail stores, shops operating at small, medium and large scale. These businesses buy products from Apple and resale them by keeping some profit margin. Involvement of primary market in organizations decision making It can be expressed that the primary market for Apple plays a crucial role in the overall decision making. In the present scenario, the competition among businesses operating in the consumer electronics industry of Australia has become highly intense. The result of this is that companies are required to carry out changes in their existing products and services offering at regular intervals. Apart from this, decisions regarding modifications in existing business strategy and marketing tactics are also required to be made by corporations. At the time of making decisions, it is necessary for Apple Inc. to understand the entire decision-making process of people in the country. The consumer buying decision process includes five major stages which are problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase and post purchase behaviour(Hao, Guo, Easley, 2015). All these steps are required to be taken into consideration by the organization during the process of decision making. For example, it is necessary to develop products and services by identifying the changing demand of people in the Australian market. In addition to this, the business is also required to carry out aggressive marketing of its products and services to ensure that Apples products are displayed at the top when an individual enters the stage of information search to satisfy the identified demand(Hennessy, Hennessy, Najjar, Najjar, 2017). At the time of evaluation of alternatives also, the company is required to make sure that its products are better regarding quality and durability in comparison with the products offered by other market players. Even in the stage such as post purchase behaviour, the organization needs to ensure that satisfactory after sale services are available to the customers. The rationale behind this is that such services will contribute to enhancing the degree of customer loyalty and repeat purchase. The primary market segment provides a lot in the overall decision-making process of the selected business. Apple Inc. carries out intense market research to identify the changing demand and need of people in the market(Newton Ojo, 2017). Based on the information collected through these investigations, the company makes decisions with regards to the development of new product or modification in the existing ones. In addition to this, the primary market segment of Apple also plays vital role in making decisions linked with the implementation of various marketing tools, techniques, and strategies. It can be asserted that decision linked with the development of marketing mix in Australia is also affected a lot by changing demand and needs of primary segment. Thus, the mentioned-above information indicates that there is the high degree of involvement of primary sector in the process of Apples decision making(Kopp Langenderfer, 2014). For example, the process of decision making is influenced by the views and feedback provided by the customer of Apple Inc. 3.Competition analysis At present, the competition within consumer electronic industry is highly intense, and this has created obstacles for companies regarding achieving higher sales and profitability. It can be stated that Apple Inc. is facing intense competition from brands such as Samsung in its mobile phone segment(Choi, Kim, Yoon, 2014). The main strength of Samsung is that it is considered as one of the most successful electronic manufacturers in the world. The brand operates with a diversified range of products which include Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), smart phones, mobile phones, television sets, etc. On the other side of this, the key strength of Apple Inc. is its advertisement and marketing capabilities. It has helped the brand to create more and more awareness among people in the market. Powerful and efficient ad practices have also supported Apple Inc. in getting the competitive advantage over other market players. A comparison between Apple and its competitor key strength and weakness is mentioned below as: Company Strength Weaknesses Apple Inc Advertisement capability Innovative products Meeting expectation of customers Dependency of few products Samsung Impressive research and design capabilities The most successful electronic manufacturer Ineffective marketing as compared to Apple Inc. Limited growth in market such as Europe and USA After carrying out the comparison between Apple Inc. and its key competitor, it can be stated that the biggest weakness of Apple lies in its dependency on few products. On the other hand, the weakness of Samsung is that its marketing practices are not as effective as Apple. This weakness has created various obstacles for Samsung regarding stealing the market share from Apple Inc(Gupta Prinzinger, 2013). The innovative products offered by Apple have also supported the company in getting the competitive advantage over other players operating in the market. On the contrary, an impressive research and design capability have helped the organization to attract more and more customers within the industry. 4.Positioning map highlights how a particular business enterprise has positioned itself in the marketplace as compared to key competitors. Figure 1Positioning Map - Apple Inc. From the positioning mentioned above map, it is clear that Apple Inc. has positioned itself as a brand which offers high quality of products and services at a great price. The company focuses a lot on areas such as innovation. Furthermore, it also believes that changing the lives of people in the society through its innovative products and services(Dalgic Leeuw, 2015). Apart from this, sufficient quality parameters have been set by the brand to ensure that individuals in the market are being delivered with the most prominent quality of products and services. The result of this is that even if the company has adopted a high price strategy, it has been the success in attracting a large number of customers(Newton Ojo, 2017). Samsung which is considered as the main competitor of Apple also falls in the same category where it is delivering high-quality products at high prices. The mentioned-above positioning map reflects that LG is offering low-quality products at low prices. Conclusion From the above carried out research report, it can be concluded that Apple Inc. has witnessed adequate growth in Australia market despite the declining consumer electronic industry. Furthermore, it can be inferred that factor such as political, economic and technological has supported Apple Inc. in its long term growth and development. On the other side of this, the figure of sales and profitability has been affected due to changing demand and needs of people in the Australian market. The primary market of Apple includes individuals and groups who buy apple for their consumption, and the secondary market includes individuals or parties who purchase Apples products for reselling purpose. It can be inferred that Apple has positioned itself as a brand which offers high quality of goods and services at high prices. Further, the company is facing intense competition from market players such as Samsung, and the high degree of competition has adversely affected the growth rate of Apple Inc. References Babin, B. J., Zikmund, W. G. (2015). Exploring marketing research. Boston: Cengage Learning. Blakeman, R. (2014). Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. . Maryland: Rowman Littlefield. Chaston, I. (2015). Entrepreneurial Marketing: Sustaining Growth in All Organisations. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Choi, J., Kim, B. J., Yoon, S. (2014). UX and Strategic Management: A Case Study of Smartphone (Apple vs. Samsung) and Search Engine (Google vs. Naver) Industry. Cham: Springer, Cham. Dalgic, T., Leeuw, M. (2015). Niche marketing revisited: theoretical and practical issues. In Proceedings of the 1993 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference . Cham: Springer, Cham. EuroMonitor International. (2016, November). Consumer Electronics in Australia. Retrieved August 27, 2017, from EuroMonitor International: https://www.euromonitor.com/consumer-electronics-in-australia/report FocusEconomics. (2017, July 18). Australia Economic Outlook. Retrieved August 27, 2017, from FocusEconomics: https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/australia Gupta, A., Prinzinger, J. (2013). Apple, Inc.: Where Is It Going From Here?. . Journal of Business Case Studies , 215. Hannah, D., Parent, M., Pitt, L., Berthon, P. (2014). It's a secret: Marketing value and the denial of availability. Business Horizons, , 49-59. Hao, L., Guo, H., Easley, R. (2015). A mobile platforms monetizing strategy for advertising under agency pricing for app sales. Working paper. France: Notre Dame University. Hennessy, J., Hennessy, J., Najjar, A., Najjar, A. (2017). Apple Computer, Inc.: Think Different, Think Online Music. Kellogg School of Management Cases , 1-24. IBIS World. (2016, September 24). Apple Pty Limited - Profile Company Report Australia. Retrieved August 27, 2017, from IBIS World: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/ Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D., Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review and Deloitte University Press, , 14. Kopp, S. W., Langenderfer, J. (2014). Protecting appearance and atmospherics: Trade dress as a component of retail strategy. Journal of Public Policy Marketing , 34-48. Kumar, M., Townsend, J. D., Vorhies, D. W. (2015). Enhancing consumers' affection for a brand using product design. Journal of Product Innovation Management , 716-730. Montgomerie, J., Roscoe, S. (2013). Owning the consumerGetting to the core of the Apple business model. Netherlands: Elsevier. Newton, S., Ojo, M. (2017). Driving Traffic and Customer Activity Through Affiliate Marketing: Understanding and Addressing. Driving Traffic and Customer Activity Through Affiliate Marketing, , 101. Parente, D., Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K. (2014). Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans. Boston: Cengage Learning. Scott, D. M. (2015). The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. . New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Strauss, J. (2016). E-marketing. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. West, D. C., Ford, J., Ibrahim, E. (2015). Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford : Oxford University Press